Publikasjoner

The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: a unified system for atmospheric inversion studies

Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), pollutants and other trace gases. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion software, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry–transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG and reactive species fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source Python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs and reactive species both at the global and regional scales. It will allow for running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow for a comprehensive assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and we demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.

The comet assay in human biomonitoring: Technical and epidemiological perspectives

The comet assay in genetic toxicology for hazard assessment

The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales – (Part 1 Invertebrates)

The comet assay, also called single cell gel electrophoresis, is a sensitive, rapid and low-cost technique for quantifying and analysing DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells. The assay itself can be applied on virtually any cell type derived from different organs and tissues of eukaryotic organisms. Although it is mainly used on human cells, the assay has applications also in the evaluation of DNA damage in yeast, plant and animal cells. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to give an extensive overview on the usage of the comet assay in animal models from invertebrates to vertebrates, covering both terrestrial and water biota. The comet assay is used in a variety of invertebrate species since they are regarded as interesting subjects in ecotoxicological research due to their significance in ecosystems. Hence, the first part of the review (Part 1) will discuss the application of the comet assay in invertebrates covering protozoans, platyhelminthes, planarians, cnidarians, molluscs, annelids, arthropods and echinoderms. Besides a large number of animal species, the assay is also performed on a variety of cells, which includes haemolymph, gills, digestive gland, sperm and embryo cells. The mentioned cells have been used for the evaluation of a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the use of invertebrate models and their role from an ecotoxicological point of view will also be discussed as well as the comparison of the use of the comet assay in invertebrate and human models. Since the comet assay is still developing, its increasing potential in assessing DNA damage in animal models is crucial especially in the field of ecotoxicology and biomonitoring at the level of different species, not only humans.

The comet assay applied to HepG2 liver spheroids

In accordance with the 3 Rs to reduce in vivo testing, more advanced in vitro models, moving from 2D monolayer to 3D cultures, should be developed for prediction of human toxicity of industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants. In this study we compared cytotoxic and genotoxic responses induced by chemicals in 2D and 3D spheroidal cultures of the human liver cancer cell line HepG2.

HepG2 spheroids were prepared by hanging drop technology. Both 3D spheroids and 2D monolayer cultures were exposed to different chemicals (colchicine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride or methyl methanesulfonate) for geno- and cytotoxicity studies. Cytotoxicity was investigated by alamarBlue assay, flow cytometry and confocal imaging. DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay with and without Fpg enzyme for detection of DNA strand breaks and oxidized or alkylated base lesions.

The results from the cyto- and genotoxicity tests showed differences in sensitivity comparing the 2D and 3D HepG2 models. This study shows that human 3D spheroidal hepatocellular cultures can be successfully applied for genotoxicity testing by the comet assay and represent a promising advanced in vitro model for toxicity testing.

The combined use of models and monitoring for applications related to the European air quality Directive: SG1-WG2 FAIRMODE. Summary. NILU F

Denby, B.R.

The combined use of models and monitoring for applications related to the European air quality directive: a working sub-group of FAIRMODE.

Denby, B.; Spangl, W.

The coastal syndromes and hotspots on the coast.

Newton, N.; Carruthers, T.; Icely, J.

The climatological record of clear-sky longwave radiation at the Earth's surface: evidence for water vapour feedback?

Prata, F.

The CityZen project - bridging the scales with focus on megacities.

Gauss, M.; Amann, M.; Bessagnet, B.; Burrows, J.; Cesari, R.; Clerbaux, C.; Decesari, S.; D'Isidoro, M.; Elhaliem, E.; Facchini, M.; Fahmy, A.; Fjæraa, A.M.; Fuzzi, S.; Gerasopoulos, E.; Granier, C.; Heil, A.; Hov, Ø.; Hu, M.; Isaksen, I.; Jakobs, H.; Kanakidou, M.; Karaca, M.; Kubilay, N.; Klimont, Z.; Law, K.; Maurizi, A.; Meleux, F.; Memmesheimer, M.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Mircea, M.; Monks, P.; Pelon, J.; Petrakis, M.; Remedios, J.; Richter, A.; Rouil, L.; Schultz, M.; Slanina, S.; Solberg, S.; Stordal, F.; Tampieri, F.; Tarrasón, L.; Tørseth, K.; Unal, A.; Zerefos, C.; Zhang, Y.

The CitySatAir Project: Monitoring Urban Air Pollution With Satellite Data

The CITI-SENSE Study: Lessons learned from a 'Citizen Science' study.

Bartonova, A.; the CITI-SENSE team.

The challenge of social networking in the field of environment and health.

van den Hazel, P.; Keune, H.; Randall, S.; Yang, A.; Ludlow, D.; Bartonova, A.