Fant 10273 publikasjoner. Viser side 68 av 411:
Status of current activities on emissions inventories for organic and inorganic toxic compounds in Europe. WMO Global Atmosphere Watch, 136
1999
Status for miljøet i norske havområder - Rapport fra Overvåkingsgruppen 2023
I denne rapporten gir Overvåkingsgruppen, for første gang, en felles vurdering av miljøtilstanden i Barentshavet og havområdene utenfor Lofoten, Norskehavet og Nordsjøen med Skagerrak. Det er også første rapport som bruker resultater fra det nylig utviklede fagsystemet for vurdering av økologisk tilstand. I denne rapporten dekkes to hovedtemaer: (1) Dominerende trekk i status og utvikling i økosystemet i alle tre havområdene, basert på vurderingene av økologisk tilstand, Overvåkingsgruppens rapport om forurensning fra 2022, indikatorer fra Overvåkingsgruppen som ikke er dekket under vurdering av økologisk tilstand, samt rapporter og annen relevant informasjon fra forskning, og (2) en vurdering av karbonbinding i marint plankton, marine vegetasjonstyper og marine sedimenter. I tillegg er det gitt en oppsummering for endringer i ytre påvirkning, vurdering av kunnskapsbehov samt en vurdering av indikatorverdier i forhold til referanseverdier og tiltaksgrenser. Vurderingen av dominerende trekk i utvikling og tilstand av miljøet som er gitt i kapittel 2, utgjør Overvåkingsgruppens bidrag til Faglig forums samlerapport om det faglige grunnlaget for revisjon og oppdatering av de helhetlige forvaltningsplanene for norske havområder.
Havforskningsinstituttet
2023
Status for miljøet i Barentshavet og ytre påvirkning - rapport fra Overvåkingsgruppen 2017. Fisken og Havet, særnummer 1b-2017
2017
Status and trends of NO2 ambient concentrations in Europe. ETC/ACC Technical paper, 2010/19
2011
2012
2012
2023
Statoils overvåkingsprogram for Snøhvit. Overvåking av vegetasjon og jord - gjenanalyser i 2013. NINA Rapport, 1017
2014
Statoil raffineri Mongstad. Måleprogram luft- og nedbørkvalitet 2011 -2013. NILU OR
NILU - Norsk institutt for luftforskning har på oppdrag fra Statoil Petroleum AS utført måleprogram for luft- og nedbørkvalitet ved Mongstad. To stasjoner ble benyttet i prgrammet, Sande nord for raffineriet og Sundsbø sør-øst for raffineriet. Middelkonsentrasjonen av NOx på Sande og Sundsbø var hhv. 3,43 og 1,42 µg/m3, dvs. lave verdier. Maksimale time¬middel¬verdier av NO2 var hhv. 49,9 µg/m3 og 36,4 µg/m3 (Sande og Sundsbø). For O3 var årsmiddelkonsentrasjon i 2012 på Sande 64,6 µg/m3, høyeste timemiddel var 145,4 µg/m3. SO2 viste gjennomgående lave verdier (høyeste timeverdi 7,24 µg/m3). For PM10 var årsmiddel i 2012 hhv. 16,8 µg/m3 og7,4 µg/m3 (Sande og Sundsbø), maksimalt døgnmiddel i 2012 var hhv. 60,9 µg/m3 og 29,1 µg/m3. Verdiene av BTEX (benzen, toluen, etylbenzen og xylen) var gjennomgående lave. Prøvetaking av PAH i luft ble gjort hver 6. dag, maksimumskonsentrasjonen av 16 EPA PAH var 6,96 ng/m3, maksimum benzo(a)pyren (BaP) var 0,050 ng/m3. PAH i nedbør viste maksimumskonsentrasjon lik 42,7 ng/L, maksimum BaP i nedbør var 0,679 ng/L..
2013
The current report provides a short overview of previous years’ studies on long-term trends in O3, NO2 and PM and the role of meteorological variability for the concentration of these pollutants. The previous studies on the link between trends and meteorology has shown that these links could be estimated by a careful design of model setups using CTMs (chemical transport models). The conclusions from this work is that CTMs are certainly useful tools for explaining pollutant trends in terms of the separate impact of individual physio-chemical drivers such as emissions and meteorology although computationally demanding. The statistical GAM model that have been developed as part of the recent ETC/ACM and ETC/ATNI tasks could be considered as complementary to the use of CTMs for separating the influence of meteorological variability from other processes. The main limitation of the statistical model is that it contains no parameterisation of the real physio-chemical processes and secondly, that it relies on a local assumption, i.e. that the observed daily concentrations could be estimated based on the local meteorological data. We found clear differences in model performance both with respect to geographical area and atmospheric species. In general, the best performance was found for O3 (although not for peak levels) with gradually lower performance for NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in that order. With respect to area, the model produced the best predictions for Central Europe (Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Austria, Czech Republic) and poorer agreement with observations in southern Europe. Although the GAM model did not detect many meteorology induced long-term trends in the data, the model is well suited for separating the influence of meteorology from the other driving forces, such as emissions and boundary conditions. The GAM model thus provides robust and smooth long-term trend functions corrected for meteorology as well as the perturbations from year to year, reflecting the variability in weather conditions. One could consider to define a set of performance criteria to decide if the GAM model is applicable for a specific station and parameter.
ETC/ATNI
2020
2006
2017
State of the environment in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area. The Finnish environment 6/2007
2007
State of the Climate in 2024: The Arctic
The Arctic environment in 2024 continued on a trajectory that has put it in a state far different from that of the twentieth century. Ongoing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to quickly warm the Arctic, resulting in rapid changes in the cryosphere that are driving cascading impacts to climate, ecological, and societal systems.
Many weather- and climate-related impacts in the Arctic are the result of compounding change, such as increased riverbank erosion, which is proximately due to increased river discharge from higher seasonal precipitation, yet is also exacerbated by thawing permafrost. However, even individual storms occur within very different ocean and ice conditions than were typically present in the late twentieth century. As a result, the impacts, including high winds, excessive precipitation, and coastal inundation, may be quite different nowadays, as exemplified by the October 2024 storm in northwest Alaska that produced severe coastal flooding in several communities. To share some of these impacts with a wider audience, select extreme weather impacts around the greater Arctic have been highlighted through the inclusion of sidebars in recent State of the Climate Arctic chapters (e.g., Benestad et al. 2023; Thoman et al. 2024).
Average surface air temperatures for the Arctic overall (poleward of 60°N) for 2024 averaged 1.27°C above the 1991–2020 baseline average, the second-highest annual temperature since records began in 1900. For the 11th consecutive year, the Arctic annual temperature anomaly was larger than the global average anomaly. Seasonally, summer (July–September) 2024 ranked as the third-highest average temperature, and autumn (October–December) 2024 saw its highest average temperature on record. At the subseasonal scale, an intense August heatwave brought all-time record high temperatures to parts of the northwest North American Arctic. Closely but not completely tied to spring and summer air temperature trends, productivity of tundra and boreal forest vegetation has dramatically increased in recent decades. Overall “tundra greenness” was the fifth highest since 1982. However, local to regional “browning” (reduced vegetation productivity) shows that disturbance factors besides temperatures, such as wildfire, can be important.
Sea ice is one of the most iconic features of the Arctic environment and plays an important role in regulating global climate, regional ecosystems, and economic activities. Sea ice extent typically reaches the annual maximum in March, and in 2024 the maximum was near the 1991–2020 average overall, but somewhat below average in the Barents Sea and Gulf of St. Lawrence. The annual minimum sea ice extent occurs in September, and in 2024 the September monthly average was the sixth lowest in the 46-year satellite record. The Northern Sea Route along the north Russia coast opened later than the past 20 years’ average due to persistent ice in the southwest Chukchi Sea. The Northwest Passage’s southern route through northwest Canada opened again this year and, quite unusually, the deepwater northern route was also almost entirely ice free at the end of September.
Decreasing sea ice extent during the late spring and summer months exposes larger areas of ocean to direct warming during the time of year of high incoming solar radiation. Poleward of 65°N, open ocean surface temperatures typically peak in August. In 2024, late summer sea surface temperature anomalies showed significant regional variability, with the waters in the Barents and Kara Seas 2°C–4°C warmer than normal. In sharp regional contrast, Chukchi Sea sea surface temperatures were the lowest in more than 40 years, while just to the east, sea surface temperatures in the southern Beaufort Sea were significantly above the 1991–2020 average.
Like sea ice, permafrost (soils or other earth materials that have remained frozen for at least two years) is an important feature of Arctic environments that occurs widely on land and throughout some submarine continental shelf areas that were exposed land during the last Ice Age (about 15,000 years ago). Unlike many parts of the Arctic environmental system, permafrost temperatures and the summer surface thaw zone cannot be monitored from space-borne instruments and depend on in situ measurements. While long-term observations are not available over most of the Asian Arctic, observations elsewhere show multi-decade warming of deeper permafrost continuing across the Arctic, with some sites in North America and Svalbard having seen their highest temperatures on record in 2024. Overall, colder permafrost is warming more rapidly; areas where permafrost temperatures are close to freezing have slower rates of warming as ice changes phase to liquid water.
Precipitation monitoring in the Arctic has historically been limited due to the lack of in situ measurements over the Arctic Ocean, a sparse land station network, and significant problems with solid precipitation undercatch because of the inherent difficulties in capturing solid precipitation in strong wind environments. Recent advances in reanalyses that combine observations and computer simulations now allow for more robust regional-scale precipitation analysis and historical comparisons. In 2024, Arctic-wide annual precipitation was the third highest on record, and summer (July through September) precipitation was the highest since 1950. Rivers serve as regional integrators of precipitation. Arctic river discharge overall for both 2023 and 2024 was close to the 1991–2020 average, albeit with significant differences across basins. For example, in North America, Mackenzie River discharge was well below average in both years, but Yukon River discharge was above average in both years; most basins in Eurasia saw above-normal discharge in 2024 but below-average discharge in 2023.
In much of the Arctic, snow is the dominant form of precipitation for most of the year, and the presence or absence of snow cover is a critical factor in many climate and environmental processes. During the 2023/24 snow season, there were marked regional and continental scale differences in snow cover duration. The snow cover duration varied from the shortest to date in the twenty-first century over parts of Canada to at or near the longest in this century in parts of the Nordic and Asian Arctic.
Melt and discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet play important roles in modulating North Atlantic weather and climate. In 2024, the total amount of ice decreased, as it has every year since the late 1990s, but the loss was 50%−80% less than the 2002 − 23 annual average. This was the result of an unusual but persistent weather pattern that inhibited the development and persistence of warm air masses over Greenland during the summer. Ongoing monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which holds enough water to raise global sea levels by more than seven meters if entirely melted, is critical for understanding drivers of melt and ice sheet dynamics.
The Arctic stratosphere experienced two major sudden warming events early in 2024 that resulted in enhanced ozone transport into the region from lower latitudes. As a result, surface ultraviolet radiation was reduced in parts of the Asian Arctic in spring and the central Arctic and North America in summer.
Special Notes: The 1991–2020 baseline is used in this chapter except where data availability requires use of a different baseline. This chapter includes a focus on Arctic river discharge (section 5h), which alternates yearly with a section on glaciers and ice caps outside of Greenland.
2025
State of the Climate in 2024: Global Climate
For the second year in a row, record-high global surface temperatures were set in 2024, according to all six global temperature datasets assessed in this report (Berkeley Earth, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, the NOAA Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Temperature Analysis [NOAAGlobalTemp], ERA5, and the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century [JRA-3Q]). The last time consecutive years set records was in 2015 and 2016 when a strong El Niño similarly boosted global temperatures. The last 10 years (2015–24) are now the warmest 10 in the instrumental record—warmer than the 2011–20 average—and hence “more likely than not warmer than any multi-century period after the last interglacial period, roughly 125,000 years ago” (Gulev et al. 2021). The increased energy within the climate system is detectable at the top of the atmosphere, with the outgoing longwave radiation anomaly continuing to be above the range of natural variability.
During 2024, El Niño conditions that had been present since the middle of 2023 faded to neutral by the end of the year. The warm conditions observed around the globe over the last two years had impacts across the climate system, as demonstrated by many of the metrics presented in this chapter. Other temperature metrics also reached record levels over the instrumental periods assessed in this chapter: over the oceans at night, on the surfaces of lakes, and in the lower troposphere as well as measures of equivalent temperature (which considers the moisture contribution to heat), and high and low temperature extremes.
The frozen parts of Earth responded with permafrost temperatures continuing to reach record-high levels in many locations, and the active-layer thickness (the portion that melts and refreezes annually) also increasing at most sites. Repeated high temperatures over the European Alps during recent summers has led to large increases in rock glacier velocities in that region. The Great Lakes had much-below-average ice cover over the 2023/24 winter, and there was below-average snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere. All 58 reference glaciers across five continents lost ice during 2024, resulting in the greatest average ice loss in the record, which began in 1970. One more glacier was also declared extinct during 2024.
Higher global temperatures impacted the water cycle. Although lower than 2023 values, water evaporation from land in the Northern Hemisphere reached one of the highest annual values on record, in line with the long-term increasing trend. Specific humidity reached record levels over land and ocean, and relative humidity over both domains was higher than 2023. There was little relief from high humid-heat conditions, with the frequency of high humid-heat days at a record level and intensity at the second-highest level in the record—only a fraction of a degree cooler than that of 2023. The global atmosphere contained the greatest amount of water vapor in the record, and over one-fifth of the globe recorded their highest values. This far exceeded 2023, where only one-tenth of the globe experienced record-high total column water vapor. Rainfall was globally high; 2024 was the third-wettest year since records began in 1983. However, rainfall over land was close to average, while over the ocean it was the fourth-wettest year on record (following 2015, 2016, and 1998). Extreme rainfall, as characterized by the annual maximum daily rainfall over land, was the wettest on record. Averaged globally (4190 lakes), lakes had a small increase in water storage, and regionally, over 40% of monitored lakes showed significant changes in storage and level.
The effects of ongoing droughts in southern Africa and in North and South America can be seen in the soil moisture and water storage patterns. They are also apparent in the river discharge and runoff levels, which are topics that will be covered in the chapter after a few years of absence. Globally, however, drought severity and extent decreased from the record set in 2023.
Atmospheric concentrations of the three main greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide [CO2], methane [CH4], nitrous oxide [N2O]) again all reached record levels, with a record-equal annual increase in the annual change of CO2 concentrations. However, concentrations of ozone-depleting substances continued to decline, corroborated by stratospheric ozone columns well above the 1998–2008 average, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, stratospheric aerosols remained high because of the Ruang eruption in April 2024, affecting the atmospheric transmission of solar radiation over Hawaii later in the year, and the ongoing effects from the Hunga eruption in 2022. The latter eruption also caused the ongoing elevated stratospheric water vapor concentrations.
Our planet’s surface albedo continued to darken with increased plant growth and decreased snow and ice cover. Plants responded to the warmer temperatures with some of the earliest starts to spring in the record over Europe—one to two weeks earlier than the 2000–20 baseline—and a warm autumn resulted in a much longer leaf-on season. Severe wildfire seasons occurred in South America (the worst since 2010), Canada (for the second consecutive year), and the Arctic, contributing to the second-highest atmospheric carbon monoxide concentrations since 2003 and the highest tropospheric aerosol optical depth since 2019, at 550 nm.
This year’s iteration of the Global Climate chapter features two Sidebars, both of which present new topics that have not yet been explored in the report. The first covers the ability of satellite products to monitor changes in land surface temperature extremes and identify hotspots where regions of Earth are becoming uninhabitable. This Sidebar also discusses the importance of dataset stability for climate studies, as well as the correlation of land surface temperature and air temperature anomalies. The second Sidebar complements the section on greenhouse gas concentrations by examining short-lived climate forcers—compounds that have lifetimes ranging from a few hours to a few decades.
As usual in the Global Climate chapter, Plate 2.1 shows maps of global annual anomalies for many of the variables and metrics presented herein. Many of these variables are also presented as time series in Plate 1.1. Most sections now use the 1991–2020 climatological reference period, in line with the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) recommendations, although this reference period is not possible for all datasets due to their length or legacy processing methods.
2025
State of the Climate in 2021: 5. The Arctic
American Meteorological Society
2022