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2009
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2002
As wild-caught fish become scarce, feed ingredients for farming fish, such as salmon, are increasingly sourced from agricultural plants that depend on mineral fertilizers. Since these fish are naturally carnivorous, they have difficulty digesting the phosphorus in plant-based feed. So additional phosphorus supplements are added to the feed, resulting in a disproportionate increase in mineral phosphorus use and emission. Aquatic food production is increasingly relying on agriculture and mineral phosphorus resources. The feed surplus and the excreta are seldom collected and recycled, leading to a massive loss of nutrients to water bodies and the seafloor, resulting in local risk for eutrophication. Norway currently produces more than half of the world’s Atlantic salmon, and it is set to increase production from currently 1.5 to 5 Mt. in 2050. This has large implications for feed supply and emissions globally. There is a lack of studies that analyze the phosphorus system in aquatic food production at a sufficient spatial and temporal granularity to effectively inform interventions for a more circular use of phosphorus. Here, we present a multi-scale phosphorus flow analysis at monthly resolution ranging between 2005 and 2021 for aquatic food production in Norway and quantitatively discuss the effectiveness of alternative strategies for improving resource efficiency. The results indicate that P emissions from aquaculture have nearly doubled in the period between 2005 and 2021. The P use efficiency (PUE) in Norwegian aquaculture was 19% in 2021. The addition of phytase to the feed could improve the PUE by 8% by reducing P supplements and emissions by 7 kt/y. The use of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture close to fish farming sites could absorb emissions by 4 kt/y by creating new marine food products. Sludge collection systems could reduce P emissions by 4 to 11 kt/y, depending on the technology. Using the sludge in local agriculture would exacerbate the current P accumulation in soils close to the coastline, given that the animal density in this region is already high. Hence, a large and sophisticated processing infrastructure will be needed to create transportable, high-quality secondary fertilizers for effective sludge recycling in regions with a P deficit.
2023
Circulating MicroRNAs in Cord Blood to Predict Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis
Background
There are large knowledge gaps in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and although it is a prevalent and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder, diagnosis can be challenging. We aimed to assess the association of circulating blood plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) at birth with ADHD for use as biomarker candidates and build an miRNA-based prediction model.
Methods
Our study population consisted of 206 children with ADHD (33.0% female), 207 control children (33.8% female), and their parents from the MoBa (Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study). Expression levels of 51 selected miRNAs in plasma from children’s cord blood at birth and from both parents during early pregnancy were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and tested for association with children’s ADHD diagnosis and ADHD symptom scores based on ratings by parents.
Results
Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed at birth in children with ADHD and control children (false discovery rate < .05), and 31 had a statistically significant linear relationship with parent-rated ADHD symptom score at 8 years. A 19-miRNA ADHD prediction model achieved good discrimination in the test population (area under the receiver operating curve = 0.959, accuracy = 0.893). Functional analysis for the 19-miRNA prediction set revealed involvement in several highly relevant pathways, e.g., dopaminergic synapse, circadian rhythm, and axon guidance. We also found that parental miRNA expression levels significantly associated with children’s ADHD diagnoses and/or ADHD symptoms scores.
Conclusions
We showed that expression levels of circulating miRNAs at birth may be used to predict increased risk of ADHD diagnosis, and our 19-miRNA set should be included in future efforts to develop a biomarker panel.
2025
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CITI-SENSE Citizens' Observatories Architecture
This paper introduces the architecture of the CITI-SENSE Citizens’ Observatories based on the ISO 19119 reference model. It describes the various parts of the architecture including boundary services with sensors and apps and data management services with the CITI-SENSE data model. It also describes the Web Feature Service (WFS) storage support and the reusable visualisation widgets used for both apps and web portals in various Citizens’ Observatories.
2018