Publikasjoner

Sources of POPs to the European atmosphere - an initial evaluation of available emission data. EUR 22876 EN

Breivik, K.; Vestreng, V.; Rozovskaya, O.; Pacyna, J.M.

Sources of particulate matter in the northeastern United States in summer: 2. Evolution of chemical and microphysical properties.

Brock, C.A.; Sullivan, A.P.; Peltier, R.E.; Weber, R.J.; Wollny, A.; de Gouw, J.A.; Middlebrook, A.M.; Atlas, E.L.; Stohl, A.; Trainer, M.K.; Cooper, O.R.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Frost, G.J.; Holloway, J.S.; Hübler, G.; Neuman, J.A.; Ryerson, T.B.; Warneke, C.; Wilson, J.C.

Sources of environmental contaminants into Lake Mjøsa. Action-oriented prestudy. NILU OR

Breivik, K.; Schlabach, M.; Berg, T.

Sources of acidifying pollutants and Arctic haze precursors.

Hole, L.; Christensen, J.; Forsius, M.; Nyman, M.; Stohl, A.; Wilson, S.

Sources and transport of persistent pollutants to the Arctic.

Burkow, I.C.; Kallenborn, R.

Sources and seasonality of black carbon in Europe

Sources and Seasonal Variations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Surface Snow in the Arctic

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent anthropogenic contaminants, some of which are toxic and bioaccumulative. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) can form during the atmospheric degradation of precursors such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), N-alkylated perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Since PFCAs and PFSAs will readily undergo wet deposition, snow and ice cores are useful for studying PFAS in the Arctic atmosphere. In this study, 36 PFAS were detected in surface snow around the Arctic island of Spitsbergen during January–August 2019 (i.e., 24 h darkness to 24 h daylight), indicating widespread and chemically diverse contamination, including at remote high elevation sites. Local sources meant some PFAS had concentrations in snow up to 54 times higher in Longyearbyen, compared to remote locations. At a remote high elevation ice cap, where PFAS input was from long-range atmospheric processes, the median deposition fluxes of C2–C11 PFCAs, PFOS and HFPO–DA (GenX) were 7.6–71 times higher during 24 h daylight. These PFAS all positively correlated with solar flux. Together this suggests seasonal light is important to enable photochemistry for their atmospheric formation and subsequent deposition in the Arctic. This study provides the first evidence for the possible atmospheric formation of PFOS and GenX from precursors.

Sources and long-range transport of atmospheric microplastics in the Northern Atlantic Ocean

Sources and fluxes of harmful metals. Molecular and integrative toxicology

Pacyna, J.P, Sundseth, K.; Pacyna, E.G.

Sources and environmental cycling of POPs in the Baltic Sea Region: Case studies for a-HCH and g-HCH using the POPCYCLING-Baltic model. EMEP/CCC

Breivik, K.; Wania, F.; Pacyna, J.M.

Source-receptor relationships for airborne measurements of CO2, CO and O3 above Siberia: a cluster-based approach.

Paris, J.-D.; Stohl, A.; Ciais, P.; Nédélec, P.; Belan, B.D.; Arshinov, M.Y.; Ramonet, M.

Source-receptor matrix calculation for deposited mass with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model in backward mode.

Eckhardt, S.; Cassiani, M.; Sollum, E.; Evangeliou, N.; Stohl, A.

Source-apportionment and model evaluation: experiences with the EMEP SOA model.

Simpson, D.; Yttri, K.E.